What type of laws make union shops and maintenance of union membership illegal?

The correct choice is right-to-work laws, which specifically make union shops and maintenance of union membership illegal. These laws are designed to provide employees with the option to choose whether or not to join a union or pay union dues, even if they work in an environment where union representation is present.

Right-to-work laws ensure that individuals are not compelled to join a union or maintain membership as a condition of employment. This can lead to a more autonomous choice for employees regarding union affiliation and financial support. Such laws have significant implications for the power, structure, and financial stability of unions, as they can result in reduced membership and funding.

In contrast, collective bargaining laws focus more on the processes and agreements between unions and employers regarding working conditions, wages, and other employment terms, but do not inherently make union shops or memberships illegal. Labor organization laws generally regulate how unions operate but do not specifically address the legality of union shops. Employment standards laws set minimum workplace conditions but do not deal with union membership specifics. Thus, right-to-work laws hold a unique position in directly influencing the legality of union shops and membership maintenance.